State of approach
Overview
Version published:
March 2, 2026 - 9:15pm
Why Explore Seaweed-based Animal Feed Products?
The global population is expected to reach 9 billion by 2050, and food production needs to grow to meet the demand, bringing with it the risk of higher greenhouse gas emissions (World Bank, 2023). In 2015 alone food systems produced on average 18 gigatons CO2e, more than a third of that year’s global anthropogenic emissions and stemming predominantly from land use and land use change (Crippa et al., 2021). To meet the demand for food without increasing its carbon footprint requires sustainable farm practices that reduce the terrestrial agricultural carbon footprint. Seaweed could mitigate emissions as a low-carbon food/nutrition source for animals, whether it is as alternate plant-based protein or dietary supplements to improve the rate at which animals consume feed to grow to desired sizes (i.e., lower feed conversion ratios) and meet recommended health requirements.
Seaweed as animal feed
Seaweed has been used in animal feed for centuries, and the high protein content of seaweeds makes them attractive as a low-carbon and land-free alternative to feed from terrestrial protein sources like soy (Balasse et al., 2019; DeAngelo et al., 2023a; Morais et al., 2020).
Why Explore Seaweed-based Animal Feed Products?
The global population is expected to reach 9 billion by 2050, and food production needs to grow to meet the demand, bringing with it the risk of higher greenhouse gas emissions (World Bank, 2023). In 2015 alone food systems produced on average 18 gigatons CO2e, more than a third of that year’s global anthropogenic emissions and stemming predominantly from land use and land use change (Crippa et al., 2021). To meet the demand for food without increasing its carbon footprint requires sustainable farm practices that reduce the terrestrial agricultural carbon footprint. Seaweed could mitigate emissions as a low-carbon food/nutrition source for animals, whether it is as alternate plant-based protein or dietary supplements to improve the rate at which animals consume feed to grow to desired sizes (i.e., lower feed conversion ratios) and meet recommended health requirements.Seaweed as animal feed
Seaweed has been used in animal feed for centuries, and the high protein content of seaweeds makes them attractive as a low-carbon and land-free alternative to feed from terrestrial protein sources like soy (Balasse et al., 2019; DeAngelo et al., 2023a; Morais et al., 2020). [caption id="attachment_11740" align="aligncenter" width="624"] Table 1. Examples of seaweed products, their species in production, and livestock that they have been used on.[/caption]
Why Explore Seaweed-based Animal Feed Products?
The global population is expected to reach 9 billion by 2050, and food production needs to grow to meet the demand, bringing with it the risk of higher greenhouse gas emissions (World Bank, 2023). In 2015 alone food systems produced on average 18 gigatons CO2e, more than a third of that year’s global anthropogenic emissions and stemming predominantly from land use and land use change (Crippa et al., 2021). To meet the demand for food without increasing its carbon footprint requires sustainable farm practices that reduce the terrestrial agricultural carbon footprint. Seaweed could mitigate emissions as a low-carbon food/nutrition source for animals, whether it is as alternate plant-based protein or dietary supplements to improve the rate at which animals consume feed to grow to desired sizes (i.e., lower feed conversion ratios) and meet recommended health requirements.Seaweed as animal feed
Seaweed has been used in animal feed for centuries, and the high protein content of seaweeds makes them attractive as a low-carbon and land-free alternative to feed from terrestrial protein sources like soy (Balasse et al., 2019; DeAngelo et al., 2023a; Morais et al., 2020). [caption id="attachment_11740" align="alignnone" width="624"] Table 1. Examples of seaweed products, their species in production, and livestock that they have been used on.[/caption]
Click here for the table in high-resolution. Why Explore Seaweed-based Animal Feed Products?
The global population is expected to reach 9 billion by 2050, and food production needs to grow to meet the demand, bringing with it the risk of higher greenhouse gas emissions (World Bank, 2023). In 2015 alone food systems produced on average 18 gigatons CO2e, more than a third of that year’s global anthropogenic emissions and stemming predominantly from land use and land use change (Crippa et al., 2021). To meet the demand for food without increasing its carbon footprint requires sustainable farm practices that reduce the terrestrial agricultural carbon footprint. Seaweed could mitigate emissions as a low-carbon food/nutrition source for animals, whether it is as alternate plant-based protein or dietary supplements to improve the rate at which animals consume feed to grow to desired sizes (i.e., lower feed conversion ratios) and meet recommended health requirements.Seaweed as animal feed
Seaweed has been used in animal feed for centuries, and the high protein content of seaweeds makes them attractive as a low-carbon and land-free alternative to feed from terrestrial protein sources like soy (Balasse et al., 2019; DeAngelo et al., 2023a; Morais et al., 2020). [caption id="attachment_11740" align="alignnone" width="624"] Table 1. Examples of seaweed products, their species in production, and livestock that they have been used on.[/caption]
Click here to see the table in high-resolution. Why Explore Seaweed-based Animal Feed Products?
The global population is expected to reach 9 billion by 2050, and food production needs to grow to meet the demand, bringing with it the risk of higher greenhouse gas emissions (World Bank, 2023). In 2015 alone food systems produced on average 18 gigatons CO2e, more than a third of that year’s global anthropogenic emissions and stemming predominantly from land use and land use change (Crippa et al., 2021). To meet the demand for food without increasing its carbon footprint requires sustainable farm practices that reduce the terrestrial agricultural carbon footprint. Seaweed could mitigate emissions as a low-carbon food/nutrition source for animals, whether it is as alternate plant-based protein or dietary supplements to improve the rate at which animals consume feed to grow to desired sizes (i.e., lower feed conversion ratios) and meet recommended health requirements.Seaweed as animal feed
Seaweed has been used in animal feed for centuries, and the high protein content of seaweeds makes them attractive as a low-carbon and land-free alternative to feed from terrestrial protein sources like soy (Balasse et al., 2019; DeAngelo et al., 2023a; Morais et al., 2020). [caption id="attachment_11740" align="alignnone" width="624"] Table 1. Examples of seaweed products, their species in production, and livestock that they have been used on.[/caption]
Click here for the high-resolution image. Why Explore Seaweed-based Animal Feed Products?
The global population is expected to reach 9 billion by 2050, and food production needs to grow to meet the demand, bringing with it the risk of higher greenhouse gas emissions (World Bank, 2023). In 2015 alone food systems produced on average 18 gigatons CO2e, more than a third of that year’s global anthropogenic emissions and stemming predominantly from land use and land use change (Crippa et al., 2021). To meet the demand for food without increasing its carbon footprint requires sustainable farm practices that reduce the terrestrial agricultural carbon footprint. Seaweed could mitigate emissions as a low-carbon food/nutrition source for animals, whether it is as alternate plant-based protein or dietary supplements to improve the rate at which animals consume feed to grow to desired sizes (i.e., lower feed conversion ratios) and meet recommended health requirements.Seaweed as animal feed
Seaweed has been used in animal feed for centuries, and the high protein content of seaweeds makes them attractive as a low-carbon and land-free alternative to feed from terrestrial protein sources like soy (Balasse et al., 2019; DeAngelo et al., 2023a; Morais et al., 2020). [caption id="attachment_11740" align="alignnone" width="624"] Table 1. Examples of seaweed products, their species in production, and livestock that they have been used on.[/caption]
Click here for the high-resolution image. Why Explore Seaweed-based Animal Feed Products?
The global population is expected to reach 9 billion by 2050, and food production needs to grow to meet the demand, bringing with it the risk of higher greenhouse gas emissions (World Bank, 2023). In 2015 alone food systems produced on average 18 gigatons CO2e, more than a third of that year’s global anthropogenic emissions and stemming predominantly from land use and land use change (Crippa et al., 2021). To meet the demand for food without increasing its carbon footprint requires sustainable farm practices that reduce the terrestrial agricultural carbon footprint. Seaweed could mitigate emissions as a low-carbon food/nutrition source for animals, whether it is as alternate plant-based protein or dietary supplements to improve the rate at which animals consume feed to grow to desired sizes (i.e., lower feed conversion ratios) and meet recommended health requirements.Seaweed as animal feed
Seaweed has been used in animal feed for centuries, and the high protein content of seaweeds makes them attractive as a low-carbon and land-free alternative to feed from terrestrial protein sources like soy (Balasse et al., 2019; DeAngelo et al., 2023a; Morais et al., 2020).
Click here for the high-resolution image. Why Explore Seaweed-based Animal Feed Products?
The global population is expected to reach 9 billion by 2050, and food production needs to grow to meet the demand, bringing with it the risk of higher greenhouse gas emissions (World Bank, 2023). In 2015 alone food systems produced on average 18 gigatons CO2e, more than a third of that year’s global anthropogenic emissions and stemming predominantly from land use and land use change (Crippa et al., 2021). To meet the demand for food without increasing its carbon footprint requires sustainable farm practices that reduce the terrestrial agricultural carbon footprint. Seaweed could mitigate emissions as a low-carbon food/nutrition source for animals, whether it is as alternate plant-based protein or dietary supplements to improve the rate at which animals consume feed to grow to desired sizes (i.e., lower feed conversion ratios) and meet recommended health requirements.Seaweed as animal feed
Seaweed has been used in animal feed for centuries, and the high protein content of seaweeds makes them attractive as a low-carbon and land-free alternative to feed from terrestrial protein sources like soy (Balasse et al., 2019; DeAngelo et al., 2023a; Morais et al., 2020).
Click here for the high-resolution image. Why Explore Seaweed-based Animal Feed Products?
The global population is expected to reach 9 billion by 2050, and food production needs to grow to meet the demand, bringing with it the risk of higher greenhouse gas emissions (World Bank, 2023). In 2015 alone food systems produced on average 18 gigatons CO2e, more than a third of that year’s global anthropogenic emissions and stemming predominantly from land use and land use change (Crippa et al., 2021). To meet the demand for food without increasing its carbon footprint requires sustainable farm practices that reduce the terrestrial agricultural carbon footprint. Seaweed could mitigate emissions as a low-carbon food/nutrition source for animals, whether it is as alternate plant-based protein or dietary supplements to improve the rate at which animals consume feed to grow to desired sizes (i.e., lower feed conversion ratios) and meet recommended health requirements.Seaweed as animal feed
Seaweed has been used in animal feed for centuries, and the high protein content of seaweeds makes them attractive as a low-carbon and land-free alternative to feed from terrestrial protein sources like soy (Balasse et al., 2019; DeAngelo et al., 2023a; Morais et al., 2020). seaweed_products_bycolor_coastal_minimalWhy Explore Seaweed-based Animal Feed Products?
The global population is expected to reach 9 billion by 2050, and food production needs to grow to meet the demand, bringing with it the risk of higher greenhouse gas emissions (World Bank, 2023). In 2015 alone food systems produced on average 18 gigatons CO2e, more than a third of that year’s global anthropogenic emissions and stemming predominantly from land use and land use change (Crippa et al., 2021). To meet the demand for food without increasing its carbon footprint requires sustainable farm practices that reduce the terrestrial agricultural carbon footprint. Seaweed could mitigate emissions as a low-carbon food/nutrition source for animals, whether it is as alternate plant-based protein or dietary supplements to improve the rate at which animals consume feed to grow to desired sizes (i.e., lower feed conversion ratios) and meet recommended health requirements.Seaweed as animal feed
Seaweed has been used in animal feed for centuries, and the high protein content of seaweeds makes them attractive as a low-carbon and land-free alternative to feed from terrestrial protein sources like soy (Balasse et al., 2019; DeAngelo et al., 2023a; Morais et al., 2020). [test file should be below here]Why Explore Seaweed-based Animal Feed Products?
The global population is expected to reach 9 billion by 2050, and food production needs to grow to meet the demand, bringing with it the risk of higher greenhouse gas emissions (World Bank, 2023). In 2015 alone food systems produced on average 18 gigatons CO2e, more than a third of that year’s global anthropogenic emissions and stemming predominantly from land use and land use change (Crippa et al., 2021). To meet the demand for food without increasing its carbon footprint requires sustainable farm practices that reduce the terrestrial agricultural carbon footprint. Seaweed could mitigate emissions as a low-carbon food/nutrition source for animals, whether it is as alternate plant-based protein or dietary supplements to improve the rate at which animals consume feed to grow to desired sizes (i.e., lower feed conversion ratios) and meet recommended health requirements.Seaweed as animal feed
Seaweed has been used in animal feed for centuries, and the high protein content of seaweeds makes them attractive as a low-carbon and land-free alternative to feed from terrestrial protein sources like soy (Balasse et al., 2019; DeAngelo et al., 2023a; Morais et al., 2020). [test file should be below here]
Why Explore Seaweed-based Animal Feed Products?
The global population is expected to reach 9 billion by 2050, and food production needs to grow to meet the demand, bringing with it the risk of higher greenhouse gas emissions (World Bank, 2023). In 2015 alone food systems produced on average 18 gigatons CO2e, more than a third of that year’s global anthropogenic emissions and stemming predominantly from land use and land use change (Crippa et al., 2021). To meet the demand for food without increasing its carbon footprint requires sustainable farm practices that reduce the terrestrial agricultural carbon footprint. Seaweed could mitigate emissions as a low-carbon food/nutrition source for animals, whether it is as alternate plant-based protein or dietary supplements to improve the rate at which animals consume feed to grow to desired sizes (i.e., lower feed conversion ratios) and meet recommended health requirements.Seaweed as animal feed
Seaweed has been used in animal feed for centuries, and the high protein content of seaweeds makes them attractive as a low-carbon and land-free alternative to feed from terrestrial protein sources like soy (Balasse et al., 2019; DeAngelo et al., 2023a; Morais et al., 2020). [test file should be below here]Why Explore Seaweed-based Animal Feed Products?
The global population is expected to reach 9 billion by 2050, and food production needs to grow to meet the demand, bringing with it the risk of higher greenhouse gas emissions (World Bank, 2023). In 2015 alone food systems produced on average 18 gigatons CO2e, more than a third of that year’s global anthropogenic emissions and stemming predominantly from land use and land use change (Crippa et al., 2021). To meet the demand for food without increasing its carbon footprint requires sustainable farm practices that reduce the terrestrial agricultural carbon footprint. Seaweed could mitigate emissions as a low-carbon food/nutrition source for animals, whether it is as alternate plant-based protein or dietary supplements to improve the rate at which animals consume feed to grow to desired sizes (i.e., lower feed conversion ratios) and meet recommended health requirements.Seaweed as animal feed
Seaweed has been used in animal feed for centuries, and the high protein content of seaweeds makes them attractive as a low-carbon and land-free alternative to feed from terrestrial protein sources like soy (Balasse et al., 2019; DeAngelo et al., 2023a; Morais et al., 2020).Why Explore Seaweed-based Animal Feed Products?
The global population is expected to reach 9 billion by 2050, and food production needs to grow to meet the demand, bringing with it the risk of higher greenhouse gas emissions (World Bank, 2023). In 2015 alone food systems produced on average 18 gigatons CO2e, more than a third of that year’s global anthropogenic emissions and stemming predominantly from land use and land use change (Crippa et al., 2021). To meet the demand for food without increasing its carbon footprint requires sustainable farm practices that reduce the terrestrial agricultural carbon footprint. Seaweed could mitigate emissions as a low-carbon food/nutrition source for animals, whether it is as alternate plant-based protein or dietary supplements to improve the rate at which animals consume feed to grow to desired sizes (i.e., lower feed conversion ratios) and meet recommended health requirements.Seaweed as animal feed
Seaweed has been used in animal feed for centuries, and the high protein content of seaweeds makes them attractive as a low-carbon and land-free alternative to feed from terrestrial protein sources like soy. (Balasse et al., 2019; DeAngelo et al., 2023a; Morais et al., 2020).Why Explore Seaweed-based Animal Feed Products?
The global population is expected to reach 9 billion by 2050, and food production needs to grow to meet the demand, bringing with it the risk of higher greenhouse gas emissions (World Bank, 2023). In 2015 alone food systems produced on average 18 gigatons CO2e, more than a third of that year’s global anthropogenic emissions and stemming predominantly from land use and land use change (Crippa et al., 2021). To meet the demand for food without increasing its carbon footprint requires sustainable farm practices that reduce the terrestrial agricultural carbon footprint. Seaweed could mitigate emissions as a low-carbon food/nutrition source for animals, whether it is as alternate plant-based protein or dietary supplements to improve the rate at which animals consume feed to grow to desired sizes (i.e., lower feed conversion ratios) and meet recommended health requirements.Seaweed as animal feed
Seaweed has been used in animal feed for centuries, and the high protein content of seaweeds makes them attractive as a low-carbon and land-free alternative to feed from terrestrial protein sources like soy. (Balasse et al., 2019; DeAngelo et al., 2023a; Morais et al., 2020).Why Explore Seaweed-based Animal Feed Products?
The global population is expected to reach 9 billion by 2050, and food production needs to grow to meet the demand, bringing with it the risk of higher greenhouse gas emissions (World Bank, 2023). In 2015 alone food systems produced on average 18 gigatons CO2e, more than a third of that year’s global anthropogenic emissions and stemming predominantly from land use and land use change (Crippa et al., 2021). To meet the demand for food without increasing its carbon footprint requires sustainable farm practices that reduce the terrestrial agricultural carbon footprint. Seaweed could mitigate emissions as a low-carbon food/nutrition source for animals, whether it is as alternate plant-based protein or dietary supplements to improve the rate at which animals consume feed to grow to desired sizes (i.e., lower feed conversion ratios) and meet recommended health requirements.Why Explore Seaweed-based Animal Feed Products?
The global population is expected to reach 9 billion by 2050, and food production needs to grow to meet the demand, bringing with it the risk of higher greenhouse gas emissions (World Bank, 2023). In 2015 alone food systems produced on average 18 gigatons CO2e, more than a third of that year’s global anthropogenic emissions and stemming predominantly from land use and land use change (Crippa et al., 2021). To meet the demand for food without increasing its carbon footprint requires sustainable farm practices that reduce the terrestrial agricultural carbon footprint. Seaweed could mitigate emissions as a low-carbon food/nutrition source for animals, whether it is as alternate plant-based protein or dietary supplements to improve the rate at which animals consume feed to grow to desired sizes (i.e., lower feed conversion ratios) and meet recommended health requirements.Science and Technology
Version published:
March 2, 2026 - 4:42pm
Species Selection, Cultivation and Harvesting
Species Selection
Seaweeds species used for animal feed are selected for their yield and nutritional profile; for example, Ulva species are favored for poultry feed while Asparagopsis taxiformis is preferred for cattle due to its co-benefits in methane reduction (Ozogul et al., 2024; Stedt et al., 2022).
| Product | Seaweed species | Reference |
| Animal feed (Cattle) |
Ascophyllum nodosum | Costa et al., 2021 |
| Animal feed (Swine) |
Laminaria spp. | Costa et al., 2021 |
| Animal feed (Poultry) |
Ulva spp. | Costa et al., 2021 |
Table 1. Common species of seaweed that are cultivated for human food and animal feed products.
Nursery
See roadmap section “Cultivation and Drying Considerations” for more information.
Cultivation
See roadmap section “Cultivation and Drying Considerations” for more information.
Harvesting
See roadmap section “Cultivation and Drying Considerations” for more information.
Pre-processing
Seaweed must be dried prior to processing to quantify the dry weight yield, making it one of the most energy-intensive steps of the conversion workstream Drying methods through air drying on drying net frames, or freeze or heated drying in temperature-controlled rooms remove before quantifying the dry weight yield (Garcia-Vaquero & Hayes, 2016; Jönsson et al., 2020).
Heavy metal content, which must remain under a set concentration level for food and feed regulatory bodies, is reduced through blanching, washing and boiling before processing workstreams; this process can also remove the high salt content as appropriate (e.g., Hanaoka et al., 2001; Stévant et al., 2018; Ownsworth et al., 2019; Blikra et al., 2021).
Processing
Animal feed extraction method can range from simple to complex, ranging from general processing into meal, pellets, or liquid extracts while complex processing isolates and concentrates key compounds of interest (O’Connor et al., 2020). Simple methods like fermentation and drying use microbes to enhance digestibility and shelf life before drying and milling, producing 2–7.5% of the original wet weight as dried meal or liquid extract (Stévant and Rebours, 2021; Ozogul et al., 2024). Complex methods involve protein extraction and purification through mechanical or enzymatic cell rupture, centrifugation, and advanced separation techniques (e.g., chromatography, electrophoresis), followed by post-processing (e.g., filtration, freeze-drying) to stabilize and concentrate proteins for consistent, high-quality products (Figure 2).
Post-processing
Animal feed may be packaged as pellets, likely to match the consistency and palatability needs of the livestock (e.g., Certified Organic Irish Seaweed Meal). Like with pet food, it can be packaged as a topper or a supplement in wet and dry forms.
Species Selection, Cultivation and Harvesting
Species Selection
Seaweeds species used for animal feed are selected for their yield and nutritional profile; for example, Ulva species are favored for poultry feed while Asparagopsis taxiformis is preferred for cattle due to its co-benefits in methane reduction (Ozogul et al., 2024; Stedt et al., 2022).| Product | Seaweed species | Reference |
| Animal feed (Cattle) | Ascophyllum nodosum | Costa et al., 2021 |
| Animal feed (Swine) | Laminaria spp. | Costa et al., 2021 |
| Animal feed (Poultry) | Ulva spp. | Costa et al., 2021 |
Table 1. Common species of seaweed that are cultivated for human food and animal feed products.
Nursery
See roadmap section “Cultivation and Drying Considerations” for more information.Cultivation
See roadmap section “Cultivation and Drying Considerations” for more information.Harvesting
See roadmap section “Cultivation and Drying Considerations” for more information.Pre-processing
Seaweed must be dried prior to processing to quantify the dry weight yield, making it one of the most energy-intensive steps of the conversion workstream Drying methods through air drying on drying net frames, or freeze or heated drying in temperature-controlled rooms remove before quantifying the dry weight yield (Garcia-Vaquero & Hayes, 2016; Jönsson et al., 2020). Heavy metal content, which must remain under a set concentration level for food and feed regulatory bodies, is reduced through blanching, washing and boiling before processing workstreams; this process can also remove the high salt content as appropriate (e.g., Hanaoka et al., 2001; Stévant et al., 2018; Ownsworth et al., 2019; Blikra et al., 2021).Processing
Animal feed extraction method can range from simple to complex, ranging from general processing into meal, pellets, or liquid extracts while complex processing isolates and concentrates key compounds of interest (O’Connor et al., 2020). Simple methods like fermentation and drying use microbes to enhance digestibility and shelf life before drying and milling, producing 2–7.5% of the original wet weight as dried meal or liquid extract (Stévant and Rebours, 2021; Ozogul et al., 2024). Complex methods involve protein extraction and purification through mechanical or enzymatic cell rupture, centrifugation, and advanced separation techniques (e.g., chromatography, electrophoresis), followed by post-processing (e.g., filtration, freeze-drying) to stabilize and concentrate proteins for consistent, high-quality products (Figure 2).
Post-processing
Animal feed may be packaged as pellets, likely to match the consistency and palatability needs of the livestock (e.g., Certified Organic Irish Seaweed Meal). Like with pet food, it can be packaged as a topper or a supplement in wet and dry forms.Species Selection, Cultivation and Harvesting
Species Selection
Seaweeds species used for animal feed are selected for their yield and nutritional profile; for example, Ulva species are favored for poultry feed while Asparagopsis taxiformis is preferred for cattle due to its co-benefits in methane reduction (Ozogul et al., 2024; Stedt et al., 2022).| Product | Seaweed species | Reference |
| Animal feed (Cattle) | Ascophyllum nodosum | Costa et al., 2021 |
| Animal feed (Swine) | Laminaria spp. | Costa et al., 2021 |
| Animal feed (Poultry) | Ulva spp. | Costa et al., 2021 |
Table 1. Common species of seaweed that are cultivated for human food and animal feed products.
Nursery
See roadmap section “Cultivation and Drying Considerations” for more information.Cultivation
See roadmap section “Cultivation and Drying Considerations” for more information.Harvesting
See roadmap section “Cultivation and Drying Considerations” for more information.Pre-processing
Seaweed must be dried prior to processing to quantify the dry weight yield, making it one of the most energy-intensive steps of the conversion workstream Drying methods through air drying on drying net frames, or freeze or heated drying in temperature-controlled rooms remove before quantifying the dry weight yield (Garcia-Vaquero & Hayes, 2016; Jönsson et al., 2020). Heavy metal content, which must remain under a set concentration level for food and feed regulatory bodies, is reduced through blanching, washing and boiling before processing workstreams; this process can also remove the high salt content as appropriate (e.g., Hanaoka et al., 2001; Stévant et al., 2018; Ownsworth et al., 2019; Blikra et al., 2021).Processing
Animal feed extraction method can range from simple to complex, ranging from general processing into meal, pellets, or liquid extracts while complex processing isolates and concentrates key compounds of interest (O’Connor et al., 2020). Simple methods like fermentation and drying use microbes to enhance digestibility and shelf life before drying and milling, producing 2–7.5% of the original wet weight as dried meal or liquid extract (Stévant and Rebours, 2021; Ozogul et al., 2024). Complex methods involve protein extraction and purification through mechanical or enzymatic cell rupture, centrifugation, and advanced separation techniques (e.g., chromatography, electrophoresis), followed by post-processing (e.g., filtration, freeze-drying) to stabilize and concentrate proteins for consistent, high-quality products (Figure 2).
Post-processing
Animal feed may be packaged as pellets, likely to match the consistency and palatability needs of the livestock (e.g., Certified Organic Irish Seaweed Meal). Like with pet food, it can be packaged as a topper or a supplement in wet and dry forms.Species Selection, Cultivation and Harvesting
Species Selection
Seaweeds species used for animal feed are selected for their yield and nutritional profile; for example, Ulva species are favored for poultry feed while Asparagopsis taxiformis is preferred for cattle due to its co-benefits in methane reduction (Ozogul et al., 2024; Stedt et al., 2022).| Product | Seaweed species | Reference |
| Animal feed (Cattle) | Ascophyllum nodosum | Costa et al., 2021 |
| Animal feed (Swine) | Laminaria spp. | Costa et al., 2021 |
| Animal feed (Poultry) | Ulva spp. | Costa et al., 2021 |
Table 1. Common species of seaweed that are cultivated for human food and animal feed products.
Nursery
See roadmap section “Cultivation and Drying Considerations” for more information.Cultivation
See roadmap section “Cultivation and Drying Considerations” for more information.Harvesting
See roadmap section “Cultivation and Drying Considerations” for more information.Pre-processing
Seaweed must be dried prior to processing to quantify the dry weight yield, making it one of the most energy-intensive steps of the conversion workstream Drying methods through air drying on drying net frames, or freeze or heated drying in temperature-controlled rooms remove before quantifying the dry weight yield (Garcia-Vaquero & Hayes, 2016; Jönsson et al., 2020). Heavy metal content, which must remain under a set concentration level for food and feed regulatory bodies, is reduced through blanching, washing and boiling before processing workstreams; this process can also remove the high salt content as appropriate (e.g., Hanaoka et al., 2001; Stévant et al., 2018; Ownsworth et al., 2019; Blikra et al., 2021).Processing
Animal feed extraction method can range from simple to complex, ranging from general processing into meal, pellets, or liquid extracts while complex processing isolates and concentrates key compounds of interest (O’Connor et al., 2020). Simple methods like fermentation and drying use microbes to enhance digestibility and shelf life before drying and milling, producing 2–7.5% of the original wet weight as dried meal or liquid extract (Stévant and Rebours, 2021; Ozogul et al., 2024). Complex methods involve protein extraction and purification through mechanical or enzymatic cell rupture, centrifugation, and advanced separation techniques (e.g., chromatography, electrophoresis), followed by post-processing (e.g., filtration, freeze-drying) to stabilize and concentrate proteins for consistent, high-quality products (Figure 2).
Post-processing
Animal feed may be packaged as pellets, likely to match the consistency and palatability needs of the livestock (e.g., Certified Organic Irish Seaweed Meal). Like with pet food, it can be packaged as a topper or a supplement in wet and dry forms.Species Selection, Cultivation and Harvesting
Species Selection
Seaweeds species used for animal feed are selected for their yield and nutritional profile; for example, Ulva species are favored for poultry feed while Asparagopsis taxiformis is preferred for cattle due to its co-benefits in methane reduction (Ozogul et al., 2024; Stedt et al., 2022).| Product | Seaweed species | Reference |
| Animal feed (Cattle) | Ascophyllum nodosum | Costa et al., 2021 |
| Animal feed (Swine) | Laminaria spp. | Costa et al., 2021 |
| Animal feed (Poultry) | Ulva spp. | Costa et al., 2021 |
Table 1. Common species of seaweed that are cultivated for human food and animal feed products.
Nursery
See roadmap section “Cultivation and Drying Considerations” for more information.Cultivation
See roadmap section “Cultivation and Drying Considerations” for more information.Harvesting
See roadmap section “Cultivation and Drying Considerations” for more information.Pre-processing
Seaweed must be dried prior to processing to quantify the dry weight yield, making it one of the most energy-intensive steps of the conversion workstream Drying methods through air drying on drying net frames, or freeze or heated drying in temperature-controlled rooms remove before quantifying the dry weight yield (Garcia-Vaquero & Hayes, 2016; Jönsson et al., 2020). Heavy metal content, which must remain under a set concentration level for food and feed regulatory bodies, is reduced through blanching, washing and boiling before processing workstreams; this process can also remove the high salt content as appropriate (e.g., Hanaoka et al., 2001; Stévant et al., 2018; Ownsworth et al., 2019; Blikra et al., 2021).Processing
Animal feed extraction method can range from simple to complex, ranging from general processing into meal, pellets, or liquid extracts while complex processing isolates and concentrates key compounds of interest (O’Connor et al., 2020). Simple methods like fermentation and drying use microbes to enhance digestibility and shelf life before drying and milling, producing 2–7.5% of the original wet weight as dried meal or liquid extract (Stévant and Rebours, 2021; Ozogul et al., 2024). Complex methods involve protein extraction and purification through mechanical or enzymatic cell rupture, centrifugation, and advanced separation techniques (e.g., chromatography, electrophoresis), followed by post-processing (e.g., filtration, freeze-drying) to stabilize and concentrate proteins for consistent, high-quality products (Figure 2).
Post-processing
Animal feed may be packaged as pellets, likely to match the consistency and palatability needs of the livestock (e.g., Certified Organic Irish Seaweed Meal). Like with pet food, it can be packaged as a topper or a supplement in wet and dry forms.Species Selection, Cultivation and Harvesting
Species Selection
Seaweeds species used for animal feed are selected for their yield and nutritional profile; for example, Ulva species are favored for poultry feed while Asparagopsis taxiformis is preferred for cattle due to its co-benefits in methane reduction (Ozogul et al., 2024; Stedt et al., 2022).| Product | Seaweed species | Reference |
| Animal feed (Cattle) | Ascophyllum nodosum | Costa et al., 2021 |
| Animal feed (Swine) | Laminaria spp. | Costa et al., 2021 |
| Animal feed (Poultry) | Ulva spp. | Costa et al., 2021 |
Table 1. Common species of seaweed that are cultivated for human food and animal feed products.
Nursery
See roadmap section “Cultivation and Drying Considerations” for more information.Cultivation
See roadmap section “Cultivation and Drying Considerations” for more information.Harvesting
See roadmap section “Cultivation and Drying Considerations” for more information.Pre-processing
Seaweed must be dried prior to processing to quantify the dry weight yield, making it one of the most energy-intensive steps of the conversion workstream Drying methods through air drying on drying net frames, or freeze or heated drying in temperature-controlled rooms remove before quantifying the dry weight yield (Garcia-Vaquero & Hayes, 2016; Jönsson et al., 2020). Heavy metal content, which must remain under a set concentration level for food and feed regulatory bodies, is reduced through blanching, washing and boiling before processing workstreams; this process can also remove the high salt content as appropriate (e.g., Hanaoka et al., 2001; Stévant et al., 2018; Ownsworth et al., 2019; Blikra et al., 2021).Processing
Animal feed extraction method can range from simple to complex, ranging from general processing into meal, pellets, or liquid extracts while complex processing isolates and concentrates key compounds of interest (O’Connor et al., 2020). Simple methods like fermentation and drying use microbes to enhance digestibility and shelf life before drying and milling, producing 2–7.5% of the original wet weight as dried meal or liquid extract (Stévant and Rebours, 2021; Ozogul et al., 2024). Complex methods involve protein extraction and purification through mechanical or enzymatic cell rupture, centrifugation, and advanced separation techniques (e.g., chromatography, electrophoresis), followed by post-processing (e.g., filtration, freeze-drying) to stabilize and concentrate proteins for consistent, high-quality products (Figure 2).
Post-processing
Animal feed may be packaged as pellets, likely to match the consistency and palatability needs of the livestock (e.g., Certified Organic Irish Seaweed Meal). Like with pet food, it can be packaged as a topper or a supplement in wet and dry forms.Species Selection, Cultivation and Harvesting
Species Selection
Seaweeds species used for animal feed are selected for their yield and nutritional profile; for example, Ulva species are favored for poultry feed while Asparagopsis taxiformis is preferred for cattle due to its co-benefits in methane reduction (Ozogul et al., 2024; Stedt et al., 2022).| Product | Seaweed species | Reference |
| Animal |
Ascophyllum nodosum | Costa et al., 2021 |
| Animal feed (Swine) | Laminaria spp. | Costa et al., 2021 |
| Animal feed (Poultry) | Ulva spp. | Costa et al., 2021 |
Table 1. Common species of seaweed that are cultivated for human food and animal feed products.
Nursery
See roadmap section “Cultivation and Drying Considerations” for more information.Cultivation
See roadmap section “Cultivation and Drying Considerations” for more information.Harvesting
See roadmap section “Cultivation and Drying Considerations” for more information.Pre-processing
Seaweed must be dried prior to processing to quantify the dry weight yield, making it one of the most energy-intensive steps of the conversion workstream Drying methods through air drying on drying net frames, or freeze or heated drying in temperature-controlled rooms remove before quantifying the dry weight yield (Garcia-Vaquero & Hayes, 2016; Jönsson et al., 2020). Heavy metal content, which must remain under a set concentration level for food and feed regulatory bodies, is reduced through blanching, washing and boiling before processing workstreams; this process can also remove the high salt content as appropriate (e.g., Hanaoka et al., 2001; Stévant et al., 2018; Ownsworth et al., 2019; Blikra et al., 2021).Processing
Animal feed extraction method can range from simple to complex, ranging from general processing into meal, pellets, or liquid extracts while complex processing isolates and concentrates key compounds of interest (O’Connor et al., 2020). Simple methods like fermentation and drying use microbes to enhance digestibility and shelf life before drying and milling, producing 2–7.5% of the original wet weight as dried meal or liquid extract (Stévant and Rebours, 2021; Ozogul et al., 2024). Complex methods involve protein extraction and purification through mechanical or enzymatic cell rupture, centrifugation, and advanced separation techniques (e.g., chromatography, electrophoresis), followed by post-processing (e.g., filtration, freeze-drying) to stabilize and concentrate proteins for consistent, high-quality products (Figure 2).
Post-processing
Animal feed may be packaged as pellets, likely to match the consistency and palatability needs of the livestock (e.g., Certified Organic Irish Seaweed Meal). Like with pet food, it can be packaged as a topper or a supplement in wet and dry forms.Species Selection, Cultivation and Harvesting
Species Selection
Seaweeds species used for animal feed are selected for their yield and nutritional profile; for example, Ulva species are favored for poultry feed while Asparagopsis taxiformis is preferred for cattle due to its co-benefits in methane reduction (Ozogul et al., 2024; Stedt et al., 2022).| Product | Seaweed species | Reference |
| Animal feed (Cattle) | Ascophyllum nodosum | Costa et al., 2021 |
| Animal feed (Swine) | Laminaria spp. | Costa et al., 2021 |
| Animal feed (Poultry) | Ulva spp. | Costa et al., 2021 |
Table 1. Common species of seaweed that are cultivated for human food and animal feed products.
Nursery
See roadmap section “Cultivation and Drying Considerations” for more information.Cultivation
See roadmap section “Cultivation and Drying Considerations” for more information.Harvesting
See roadmap section “Cultivation and Drying Considerations” for more information.Pre-processing
Seaweed must be dried prior to processing to quantify the dry weight yield, making it one of the most energy-intensive steps of the conversion workstream Drying methods through air drying on drying net frames, or freeze or heated drying in temperature-controlled rooms remove before quantifying the dry weight yield (Garcia-Vaquero & Hayes, 2016; Jönsson et al., 2020). Heavy metal content, which must remain under a set concentration level for food and feed regulatory bodies, is reduced through blanching, washing and boiling before processing workstreams; this process can also remove the high salt content as appropriate (e.g., Hanaoka et al., 2001; Stévant et al., 2018; Ownsworth et al., 2019; Blikra et al., 2021).Processing
Animal feed extraction method can range from simple to complex, ranging from general processing into meal, pellets, or liquid extracts while complex processing isolates and concentrates key compounds of interest (O’Connor et al., 2020). Simple methods like fermentation and drying use microbes to enhance digestibility and shelf life before drying and milling, producing 2–7.5% of the original wet weight as dried meal or liquid extract (Stévant and Rebours, 2021; Ozogul et al., 2024). Complex methods involve protein extraction and purification through mechanical or enzymatic cell rupture, centrifugation, and advanced separation techniques (e.g., chromatography, electrophoresis), followed by post-processing (e.g., filtration, freeze-drying) to stabilize and concentrate proteins for consistent, high-quality products (Figure 2).
Post-processing
Animal feed may be packaged as pellets, likely to match the consistency and palatability needs of the livestock (e.g., Certified Organic Irish Seaweed Meal). Like with pet food, it can be packaged as a topper or a supplement in wet and dry forms.Species Selection, Cultivation and Harvesting
Species Selection
Seaweeds species used for animal feed are selected for their yield and nutritional profile; for example, Ulva species are favored for poultry feed while Asparagopsis taxiformis is preferred for cattle due to its co-benefits in methane reduction (Ozogul et al., 2024; Stedt et al., 2022).| Product | Seaweed species | Reference |
| Animal feed (Cattle) | Ascophyllum nodosum | Costa et al., 2021 |
| Animal feed (Swine) | Laminaria spp. | Costa et al., 2021 |
| Animal feed (Poultry) | Ulva spp. | Costa et al., 2021 |
Table 1. Common species of seaweed that are cultivated for human food and animal feed products.
Nursery
See roadmap section “Cultivation and Drying Considerations” for more information.Cultivation
See roadmap section “Cultivation and Drying Considerations” for more information.Harvesting
See roadmap section “Cultivation and Drying Considerations” for more information.Pre-processing
Seaweed must be dried prior to processing to quantify the dry weight yield, making it one of the most energy-intensive steps of the conversion workstream Drying methods through air drying on drying net frames, or freeze or heated drying in temperature-controlled rooms remove before quantifying the dry weight yield (Garcia-Vaquero & Hayes, 2016; Jönsson et al., 2020). Heavy metal content, which must remain under a set concentration level for food and feed regulatory bodies, is reduced through blanching, washing and boiling before processing workstreams; this process can also remove the high salt content as appropriate (e.g., Hanaoka et al., 2001; Stévant et al., 2018; Ownsworth et al., 2019; Blikra et al., 2021).Processing
Animal feed extraction method can range from simple to complex, ranging from general processing into meal, pellets, or liquid extracts while complex processing isolates and concentrates key compounds of interest (O’Connor et al., 2020). Simple methods like fermentation and drying use microbes to enhance digestibility and shelf life before drying and milling, producing 2–7.5% of the original wet weight as dried meal or liquid extract (Stévant and Rebours, 2021; Ozogul et al., 2024). Complex methods involve protein extraction and purification through mechanical or enzymatic cell rupture, centrifugation, and advanced separation techniques (e.g., chromatography, electrophoresis), followed by post-processing (e.g., filtration, freeze-drying) to stabilize and concentrate proteins for consistent, high-quality products (Figure 2).
Post-processing
Animal feed may be packaged as pellets, likely to match the consistency and palatability needs of the livestock (e.g., Certified Organic Irish Seaweed Meal). Like with pet food, it can be packaged as a topper or a supplement in wet and dry forms.Species Selection, Cultivation and Harvesting
Species Selection
Seaweeds species used for animal feed are selected for their yield and nutritional profile; for example, Ulva species are favored for poultry feed while Asparagopsis taxiformis is preferred for cattle due to its co-benefits in methane reduction (Ozogul et al., 2024; Stedt et al., 2022).| Product | Seaweed species | Reference |
| Animal feed (Cattle) | Ascophyllum nodosum | Costa et al., 2021 |
| Animal feed (Swine) | Laminaria spp. | Costa et al., 2021 |
| Animal feed (Poultry) | Ulva spp. | Costa et al., 2021 |
Table 1. Common species of seaweed that are cultivated for human food and animal feed products.
Nursery
See roadmap section “Cultivation and Drying Considerations” for more information.Cultivation
See roadmap section “Cultivation and Drying Considerations” for more information.Harvesting
See roadmap section “Cultivation and Drying Considerations” for more information.Pre-processing
Seaweed must be dried prior to processing to quantify the dry weight yield, making it one of the most energy-intensive steps of the conversion workstream Drying methods through air drying on drying net frames, or freeze or heated drying in temperature-controlled rooms remove before quantifying the dry weight yield (Garcia-Vaquero & Hayes, 2016; Jönsson et al., 2020). Heavy metal content, which must remain under a set concentration level for food and feed regulatory bodies, is reduced through blanching, washing and boiling before processing workstreams; this process can also remove the high salt content as appropriate (e.g., Hanaoka et al., 2001; Stévant et al., 2018; Ownsworth et al., 2019; Blikra et al., 2021).Processing
Animal feed extraction method can range from simple to complex, ranging from general processing into meal, pellets, or liquid extracts while complex processing isolates and concentrates key compounds of interest (O’Connor et al., 2020). Simple methods like fermentation and drying use microbes to enhance digestibility and shelf life before drying and milling, producing 2–7.5% of the original wet weight as dried meal or liquid extract (Stévant and Rebours, 2021; Ozogul et al., 2024). Complex methods involve protein extraction and purification through mechanical or enzymatic cell rupture, centrifugation, and advanced separation techniques (e.g., chromatography, electrophoresis), followed by post-processing (e.g., filtration, freeze-drying) to stabilize and concentrate proteins for consistent, high-quality products (Figure 2).
Post-processing
Animal feed may be packaged as pellets, likely to match the consistency and palatability needs of the livestock (e.g., Certified Organic Irish Seaweed Meal). Like with pet food, it can be packaged as a topper or a supplement in wet and dry forms.Species Selection, Cultivation and Harvesting
Species Selection
Seaweeds species used for animal feed are selected for their yield and nutritional profile; for example, Ulva species are favored for poultry feed while Asparagopsis taxiformis is preferred for cattle due to its co-benefits in methane reduction (Ozogul et al., 2024; Stedt et al., 2022).| Product | Seaweed species | Reference |
| Animal feed (Cattle) | Ascophyllum nodosum | Costa et al., 2021 |
| Animal feed (Swine) | Laminaria spp. | Costa et al., 2021 |
| Animal feed (Poultry) | Ulva spp. | Costa et al., 2021 |
Table 1. Common species of seaweed that are cultivated for human food and animal feed products.
Nursery
See roadmap section “Cultivation and Drying Considerations” for more information.Cultivation
See roadmap section “Cultivation and Drying Considerations” for more information.Harvesting
See roadmap section “Cultivation and Drying Considerations” for more information.Pre-processing
Seaweed must be dried prior to processing to quantify the dry weight yield, making it one of the most energy-intensive steps of the conversion workstream Drying methods through air drying on drying net frames, or freeze or heated drying in temperature-controlled rooms remove before quantifying the dry weight yield (Garcia-Vaquero & Hayes, 2016; Jönsson et al., 2020). Heavy metal content, which must remain under a set concentration level for food and feed regulatory bodies, is reduced through blanching, washing and boiling before processing workstreams; this process can also remove the high salt content as appropriate (e.g., Hanaoka et al., 2001; Stévant et al., 2018; Ownsworth et al., 2019; Blikra et al., 2021).Processing
Animal feed extraction method can range from simple to complex, ranging from general processing into meal, pellets, or liquid extracts while complex processing isolates and concentrates key compounds of interest (O’Connor et al., 2020). Simple methods like fermentation and drying use microbes to enhance digestibility and shelf life before drying and milling, producing 2–7.5% of the original wet weight as dried meal or liquid extract (Stévant and Rebours, 2021; Ozogul et al., 2024). Complex methods involve protein extraction and purification through mechanical or enzymatic cell rupture, centrifugation, and advanced separation techniques (e.g., chromatography, electrophoresis), followed by post-processing (e.g., filtration, freeze-drying) to stabilize and concentrate proteins for consistent, high-quality products (Figure 2).
Post-processing
Animal feed may be packaged as pellets, likely to match the consistency and palatability needs of the livestock (e.g., Certified Organic Irish Seaweed Meal). Like with pet food, it can be packaged as a topper or a supplement in wet and dry forms.Species Selection, Cultivation and Harvesting
Species Selection
Seaweeds species used for animal feed are selected for their yield and nutritional profile; for example, Ulva species are favored for poultry feed while Asparagopsis taxiformis is preferred for cattle due to its co-benefits in methane reduction (Ozogul et al., 2024; Stedt et al., 2022).| Product | Seaweed species | Reference |
| Animal feed (Cattle) | Ascophyllum nodosum | Costa et al., 2021 |
| Animal feed (Swine) | Laminaria spp. | Costa et al., 2021 |
| Animal feed (Poultry) | Ulva spp. | Costa et al., 2021 |
Table 1. Common species of seaweed that are cultivated for human food and animal feed products.
Nursery
See roadmap section “Cultivation and Drying Considerations” for more information.Cultivation
See roadmap section “Cultivation and Drying Considerations” for more information.Harvesting
See roadmap section “Cultivation and Drying Considerations” for more information.Pre-processing
Seaweed must be dried prior to processing to quantify the dry weight yield, making it one of the most energy-intensive steps of the conversion workstream Drying methods through air drying on drying net frames, or freeze or heated drying in temperature-controlled rooms remove before quantifying the dry weight yield (Garcia-Vaquero & Hayes, 2016; Jönsson et al., 2020). Heavy metal content, which must remain under a set concentration level for food and feed regulatory bodies, is reduced through blanching, washing and boiling before processing workstreams; this process can also remove the high salt content as appropriate (e.g., Hanaoka et al., 2001; Stévant et al., 2018; Ownsworth et al., 2019; Blikra et al., 2021).Processing
Animal feed extraction method can range from simple to complex, ranging from general processing into meal, pellets, or liquid extracts while complex processing isolates and concentrates key compounds of interest (O’Connor et al., 2020). Simple methods like fermentation and drying use microbes to enhance digestibility and shelf life before drying and milling, producing 2–7.5% of the original wet weight as dried meal or liquid extract (Stévant and Rebours, 2021; Ozogul et al., 2024). Complex methods involve protein extraction and purification through mechanical or enzymatic cell rupture, centrifugation, and advanced separation techniques (e.g., chromatography, electrophoresis), followed by post-processing (e.g., filtration, freeze-drying) to stabilize and concentrate proteins for consistent, high-quality products (Figure 2).
Post-processing
Animal feed may be packaged as pellets, likely to match the consistency and palatability needs of the livestock (e.g., Certified Organic Irish Seaweed Meal). Like with pet food, it can be packaged as a topper or a supplement in wet and dry forms.Species Selection, Cultivation and Harvesting
Species Selection
Seaweeds species used for animal feed are selected for their yield and nutritional profile; for example, Ulva species are favored for poultry feed while Asparagopsis taxiformis is preferred for cattle due to its co-benefits in methane reduction (Ozogul et al., 2024; Stedt et al., 2022).| Product | Seaweed species | Reference |
| Animal feed (Cattle) | Ascophyllum nodosum | Costa et al., 2021 |
| Animal feed (Swine) | Laminaria spp. | Costa et al., 2021 |
| Animal feed (Poultry) | Ulva spp. | Costa et al., 2021 |
Table 1. Common species of seaweed that are cultivated for human food and animal feed products.
Nursery
See roadmap section “Cultivation and Drying Considerations” for more information.Cultivation
See roadmap section “Cultivation and Drying Considerations” for more information.Harvesting
See roadmap section “Cultivation and Drying Considerations” for more information.Pre-processing
Seaweed must be dried prior to processing to quantify the dry weight yield, making it one of the most energy-intensive steps of the conversion workstream Drying methods through air drying on drying net frames, or freeze or heated drying in temperature-controlled rooms remove before quantifying the dry weight yield (Garcia-Vaquero & Hayes, 2016; Jönsson et al., 2020). Heavy metal content, which must remain under a set concentration level for food and feed regulatory bodies, is reduced through blanching, washing and boiling before processing workstreams; this process can also remove the high salt content as appropriate (e.g., Hanaoka et al., 2001; Stévant et al., 2018; Ownsworth et al., 2019; Blikra et al., 2021).Processing
Animal feed extraction method can range from simple to complex, ranging from general processing into meal, pellets, or liquid extracts while complex processing isolates and concentrates key compounds of interest (O’Connor et al., 2020). Simple methods like fermentation and drying use microbes to enhance digestibility and shelf life before drying and milling, producing 2–7.5% of the original wet weight as dried meal or liquid extract (Stévant and Rebours, 2021; Ozogul et al., 2024). Complex methods involve protein extraction and purification through mechanical or enzymatic cell rupture, centrifugation, and advanced separation techniques (e.g., chromatography, electrophoresis), followed by post-processing (e.g., filtration, freeze-drying) to stabilize and concentrate proteins for consistent, high-quality products (Figure 2).
Post-processing
Animal feed may be packaged as pellets, likely to match the consistency and palatability needs of the livestock (e.g., Certified Organic Irish Seaweed Meal). Like with pet food, it can be packaged as a topper or a supplement in wet and dry forms.Species Selection, Cultivation and Harvesting
Species Selection
Seaweeds species used for animal feed are selected for their yield and nutritional profile; for example, Ulva species are favored for poultry feed while Asparagopsis taxiformis is preferred for cattle due to its co-benefits in methane reduction (Ozogul et al., 2024; Stedt et al., 2022).| Product | Seaweed species | Reference |
| Animal feed (Cattle) | Ascophyllum nodosum | Costa et al., 2021 |
| Animal feed (Swine) | Laminaria spp. | Costa et al., 2021 |
| Animal feed (Poultry) | Ulva spp. | Costa et al., 2021 |
Table 1. Common species of seaweed that are cultivated for human food and animal feed products.
Nursery
See roadmap section “Seaweed Cultivation” for more information.Cultivation
See roadmap section “Seaweed Cultivation” for more information.Harvesting
See roadmap section “Seaweed Cultivation” for more information.Pre-processing
Seaweed must be dried prior to processing to quantify the dry weight yield, making it one of the most energy-intensive steps of the conversion workstream Drying methods through air drying on drying net frames, or freeze or heated drying in temperature-controlled rooms remove before quantifying the dry weight yield (Garcia-Vaquero & Hayes, 2016; Jönsson et al., 2020). Heavy metal content, which must remain under a set concentration level for food and feed regulatory bodies, is reduced through blanching, washing and boiling before processing workstreams; this process can also remove the high salt content as appropriate (e.g., Hanaoka et al., 2001; Stévant et al., 2018; Ownsworth et al., 2019; Blikra et al., 2021).Processing
Animal feed extraction method can range from simple to complex, ranging from general processing into meal, pellets, or liquid extracts while complex processing isolates and concentrates key compounds of interest (O’Connor et al., 2020). Simple methods like fermentation and drying use microbes to enhance digestibility and shelf life before drying and milling, producing 2–7.5% of the original wet weight as dried meal or liquid extract (Stévant and Rebours, 2021; Ozogul et al., 2024). Complex methods involve protein extraction and purification through mechanical or enzymatic cell rupture, centrifugation, and advanced separation techniques (e.g., chromatography, electrophoresis), followed by post-processing (e.g., filtration, freeze-drying) to stabilize and concentrate proteins for consistent, high-quality products (Figure 2).
Post-processing
Animal feed may be packaged as pellets, likely to match the consistency and palatability needs of the livestock (e.g., Certified Organic Irish Seaweed Meal). Like with pet food, it can be packaged as a topper or a supplement in wet and dry forms.Species Selection, Cultivation and Harvesting
Species Selection
Seaweeds species used for animal feed are selected for their yield and nutritional profile; for example, Ulva species are favored for poultry feed while Asparagopsis taxiformis is preferred for cattle due to its co-benefits in methane reduction (Ozogul et al., 2024; Stedt et al., 2022). [posts_table]| Product | Seaweed species | Reference |
| Animal feed (Cattle) | Ascophyllum nodosum | Costa et al., 2021 |
| Animal feed (Swine) | Laminaria spp. | Costa et al., 2021 |
| Animal feed (Poultry) | Ulva spp. | Costa et al., 2021 |
Table 1. Common species of seaweed that are cultivated for human food and animal feed products.
Nursery
See roadmap section “Seaweed Cultivation” for more information.Cultivation
See roadmap section “Seaweed Cultivation” for more information.Harvesting
See roadmap section “Seaweed Cultivation” for more information.Pre-processing
Seaweed must be dried prior to processing to quantify the dry weight yield, making it one of the most energy-intensive steps of the conversion workstream Drying methods through air drying on drying net frames, or freeze or heated drying in temperature-controlled rooms remove before quantifying the dry weight yield (Garcia-Vaquero & Hayes, 2016; Jönsson et al., 2020). Heavy metal content, which must remain under a set concentration level for food and feed regulatory bodies, is reduced through blanching, washing and boiling before processing workstreams; this process can also remove the high salt content as appropriate (e.g., Hanaoka et al., 2001; Stévant et al., 2018; Ownsworth et al., 2019; Blikra et al., 2021).Processing
Animal feed extraction method can range from simple to complex, ranging from general processing into meal, pellets, or liquid extracts while complex processing isolates and concentrates key compounds of interest (O’Connor et al., 2020). Simple methods like fermentation and drying use microbes to enhance digestibility and shelf life before drying and milling, producing 2–7.5% of the original wet weight as dried meal or liquid extract (Stévant and Rebours, 2021; Ozogul et al., 2024). Complex methods involve protein extraction and purification through mechanical or enzymatic cell rupture, centrifugation, and advanced separation techniques (e.g., chromatography, electrophoresis), followed by post-processing (e.g., filtration, freeze-drying) to stabilize and concentrate proteins for consistent, high-quality products (Figure 2).
Post-processing
Animal feed may be packaged as pellets, likely to match the consistency and palatability needs of the livestock (e.g., Certified Organic Irish Seaweed Meal). Like with pet food, it can be packaged as a topper or a supplement in wet and dry forms.Species Selection, Cultivation and Harvesting
Species Selection
Seaweeds species used for animal feed are selected for their yield and nutritional profile; for example, Ulva species are favored for poultry feed while Asparagopsis taxiformis is preferred for cattle due to its co-benefits in methane reduction (Ozogul et al., 2024; Stedt et al., 2022).| Product | Seaweed species | Reference |
| Animal feed (Cattle) | Ascophyllum nodosum | Costa et al., 2021 |
| Animal feed (Swine) | Laminaria spp. | Costa et al., 2021 |
| Animal feed (Poultry) | Ulva spp. | Costa et al., 2021 |
Table 1. Common species of seaweed that are cultivated for human food and animal feed products.
Nursery
See roadmap section “Seaweed Cultivation” for more information.Cultivation
See roadmap section “Seaweed Cultivation” for more information.Harvesting
See roadmap section “Seaweed Cultivation” for more information.Pre-processing
Seaweed must be dried prior to processing to quantify the dry weight yield, making it one of the most energy-intensive steps of the conversion workstream Drying methods through air drying on drying net frames, or freeze or heated drying in temperature-controlled rooms remove before quantifying the dry weight yield (Garcia-Vaquero & Hayes, 2016; Jönsson et al., 2020). Heavy metal content, which must remain under a set concentration level for food and feed regulatory bodies, is reduced through blanching, washing and boiling before processing workstreams; this process can also remove the high salt content as appropriate (e.g., Hanaoka et al., 2001; Stévant et al., 2018; Ownsworth et al., 2019; Blikra et al., 2021).Processing
Animal feed extraction method can range from simple to complex, ranging from general processing into meal, pellets, or liquid extracts while complex processing isolates and concentrates key compounds of interest (O’Connor et al., 2020). Simple methods like fermentation and drying use microbes to enhance digestibility and shelf life before drying and milling, producing 2–7.5% of the original wet weight as dried meal or liquid extract (Stévant and Rebours, 2021; Ozogul et al., 2024). Complex methods involve protein extraction and purification through mechanical or enzymatic cell rupture, centrifugation, and advanced separation techniques (e.g., chromatography, electrophoresis), followed by post-processing (e.g., filtration, freeze-drying) to stabilize and concentrate proteins for consistent, high-quality products (Figure 2).
Post-processing
Animal feed may be packaged as pellets, likely to match the consistency and palatability needs of the livestock (e.g., Certified Organic Irish Seaweed Meal). Like with pet food, it can be packaged as a topper or a supplement in wet and dry forms.Species Selection, Cultivation and Harvesting
Species Selection
Seaweeds species used for animal feed are selected for their yield and nutritional profile; for example, Ulva species are favored for poultry feed while Asparagopsis taxiformis is preferred for cattle due to its co-benefits in methane reduction (Ozogul et al., 2024; Stedt et al., 2022).| Product | Seaweed species | Reference |
| Animal feed (Cattle) | Ascophyllum nodosum | Costa et al., 2021 |
| Animal feed (Swine) | Laminaria spp. | Costa et al., 2021 |
| Animal feed (Poultry) | Ulva spp. | Costa et al., 2021 |
Table 1. Common species of seaweed that are cultivated for human food and animal feed products.
Nursery
See roadmap section “Cross-cutting: Cultivation and Drying Considerations” for more information.Cultivation
See roadmap section “Cross-cutting: Cultivation and Drying Considerations” for more information.Harvesting
See roadmap section “Cross-cutting: Cultivation and Drying Considerations” for more information.Pre-processing
Seaweed must be dried prior to processing to quantify the dry weight yield, making it one of the most energy-intensive steps of the conversion workstream Drying methods through air drying on drying net frames, or freeze or heated drying in temperature-controlled rooms remove before quantifying the dry weight yield (Garcia-Vaquero & Hayes, 2016; Jönsson et al., 2020). Heavy metal content, which must remain under a set concentration level for food and feed regulatory bodies, is reduced through blanching, washing and boiling before processing workstreams; this process can also remove the high salt content as appropriate (e.g., Hanaoka et al., 2001; Stévant et al., 2018; Ownsworth et al., 2019; Blikra et al., 2021).Processing
Animal feed extraction method can range from simple to complex, ranging from general processing into meal, pellets, or liquid extracts while complex processing isolates and concentrates key compounds of interest (O’Connor et al., 2020). Simple methods like fermentation and drying use microbes to enhance digestibility and shelf life before drying and milling, producing 2–7.5% of the original wet weight as dried meal or liquid extract (Stévant and Rebours, 2021; Ozogul et al., 2024). Complex methods involve protein extraction and purification through mechanical or enzymatic cell rupture, centrifugation, and advanced separation techniques (e.g., chromatography, electrophoresis), followed by post-processing (e.g., filtration, freeze-drying) to stabilize and concentrate proteins for consistent, high-quality products (Figure 2). Species Selection, Cultivation and Harvesting
Species Selection
Seaweeds species used for animal feed are selected for their yield and nutritional profile; for example, Ulva species are favored for poultry feed while Asparagopsis taxiformis is preferred for cattle due to its co-benefits in methane reduction (Ozogul et al., 2024; Stedt et al., 2022).| Product | Seaweed species | Reference |
| Animal feed (Cattle) | Ascophyllum nodosum | Costa et al., 2021 |
| Animal feed (Swine) | Laminaria spp. | Costa et al., 2021 |
| Animal feed (Poultry) | Ulva spp. | Costa et al., 2021 |
Table 1. Common species of seaweed that are cultivated for human food and animal feed products.
Nursery
See roadmap section “Cross-cutting: Cultivation and Drying Considerations” for more information.Cultivation
See roadmap section “Cross-cutting: Cultivation and Drying Considerations” for more information.Harvesting
See roadmap section “Cross-cutting: Cultivation and Drying Considerations” for more information.Pre-processing
Seaweed must be dried prior to processing to quantify the dry weight yield, making it one of the most energy-intensive steps of the conversion workstream Drying methods through air drying on drying net frames, or freeze or heated drying in temperature-controlled rooms remove before quantifying the dry weight yield (Garcia-Vaquero & Hayes, 2016; Jönsson et al., 2020). Heavy metal content, which must remain under a set concentration level for food and feed regulatory bodies, is reduced through blanching, washing and boiling before processing workstreams; this process can also remove the high salt content as appropriate (e.g., Hanaoka et al., 2001; Stévant et al., 2018; Ownsworth et al., 2019; Blikra et al., 2021).Processing
Animal feed extraction method can range from simple to complex, ranging from general processing into meal, pellets, or liquid extracts while complex processing isolates and concentrates key compounds of interest (O’Connor et al., 2020). Simple methods like fermentation and drying use microbes to enhance digestibility and shelf life before drying and milling, producing 2–7.5% of the original wet weight as dried meal or liquid extract (Stévant and Rebours, 2021; Ozogul et al., 2024). Complex methods involve protein extraction and purification through mechanical or enzymatic cell rupture, centrifugation, and advanced separation techniques (e.g., chromatography, electrophoresis), followed by post-processing (e.g., filtration, freeze-drying) to stabilize and concentrate proteins for consistent, high-quality products (Figure 2). Species Selection, Cultivation and Harvesting
Species Selection
Seaweeds species used for animal feed are selected for their yield and nutritional profile; for example, Ulva species are favored for poultry feed while Asparagopsis taxiformis is preferred for cattle due to its co-benefits in methane reduction (Ozogul et al., 2024; Stedt et al., 2022).| Product | Seaweed species | Reference |
| Animal feed (Cattle) | Ascophyllum nodosum | Costa et al., 2021 |
| Animal feed (Swine) | Laminaria spp. | Costa et al., 2021 |
| Animal feed (Poultry) | Ulva spp. | Costa et al., 2021 |
Table 1. Common species of seaweed that are cultivated for human food and animal feed products.
Species Selection, Cultivation and Harvesting
Species Selection
Seaweeds species used for animal feed are selected for their yield and nutritional profile; for example, Ulva species are favored for poultry feed while Asparagopsis taxiformis is preferred for cattle due to its co-benefits in methane reduction (Ozogul et al., 2024; Stedt et al., 2022).| Product | Seaweed species | Reference |
| Animal feed (Cattle) | Ascophyllum nodosum | Costa et al., 2021 |
| Animal feed (Swine) | Laminaria spp. | Costa et al., 2021 |
| Animal feed (Poultry) | Ulva spp. | Costa et al., 2021 |
Species Selection, Cultivation and Harvesting
Species Selection
Seaweeds species used for animal feed are selected for their yield and nutritional profile; for example, Ulva species are favored for poultry feed while Asparagopsis taxiformis is preferred for cattle due to its co-benefits in methane reduction (Ozogul et al., 2024; Stedt et al., 2022).| Product | Seaweed species | Reference |
| Animal feed (Cattle) | Ascophyllum nodosum | Costa et al., 2021 |
| Animal feed (Swine) | Laminaria spp. | Costa et al., 2021 |
| Animal feed (Poultry) | Ulva spp. | Costa et al., 2021 |
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