Research and development

• Empirical studies needed to assess effectiveness of technical and operational solutions (Zhang et al. 2019).
• A comprehensive assessment of the potential co-benefits and risks of this approach is needed.

Enabling conditions

• Shipowners should prioritize switching from heavy fuel oil to distillate fuels, given benefits for BC reduction (Zhang et al. 2019). However, an enabling governance environment is needed.
• A switch to low impact and fuel-efficient fishing is needed because fishing vessels are the largest fleet in the Arctic (Zhang et al. 2019).

Engagement

• Global cooperation and regional action are needed for governance of Arctic shipping (Zhang et al. 2019).

Research and development

• Use a fully coupled ocean-aerosol-climate model to estimate Arctic temperature responses to changing aerosol emissions because many climate models hold SST and sea ice concentrations constant, and feedbacks are likely important (Kühn et al. 2020).

Enabling conditions

• Effective implementation of national legislation and international agreements to reduce pollution (AMAP 2021).
• Full implementation of best available technologies for reducing black carbon emissions (AMAP 2021).
• Target emissions reductions from diesel engines, gas flaring, and residential combustion (including wood-burning stoves) (AMAP 2021).
• Continue and improve black carbon emissions reporting and projections via development of common methodologies and improved national inventories (AMAP 2021).
• Further development of what priorities look like in different places for different actors will be needed.