Note that knowledge gaps for MCB in general apply here. The knowledge gaps listed below are for Arctic-specific deployment, and not MCB in general.

• Finer resolution modeling efforts may help to resolve cloud processes in the Arctic but are currently too computationally expensive (Kravitz et al. 2014); this may include coupling sea ice and clouds in models.
• Models that couple sea ice and clouds.
• Most studies have focused on sea salt aerosols but other aerosols may warrant study (Kravitz et al. 2014). Will need specific studies for the Arctic environment.
• Still unclear if an Arctic-focused deployment would lead to cooling in the Arctic and have an impact on sea ice.
• SRM simultaneously alters top of atmosphere (TOA) and surface radiation. Global cooling or warming is mostly based on TOA effects, but Arctic/regional effects will depend a lot on the surface forcing, including sea ice melting. How can we better estimate the impacts on sea ice?

Note that knowledge gaps for MCB in general apply here. The knowledge gaps listed below are for Arctic-specific deployment, and not MCB in general.

• How would MCB in the Arctic impact ecosystems?
• How would materials used for an Arctic deployment impact Arctic ecosystems?
• Should we be designing MCB for a different target rather than global temperature (e.g., preserving biomes and ecoregions, preserving cold winter temperatures in temperate and polar regions)? See Zarnetske et al. (2021) for the same question raised about stratospheric aerosol injection.
  • UN Sustainable Development Goals (or other biodiversity goals) could inform targets.

Note that knowledge gaps for MCB in general apply here. The knowledge gaps listed below are for Arctic-specific deployment, and not MCB in general.

• Need assessment of societal risks and benefits including community engagement.

Note that knowledge gaps for MCB in general apply here. The knowledge gaps listed below are for Arctic-specific deployment, and not MCB in general.

• Who would decide to deploy SRM (C2G 2021 Evidence Brief)?
• How much cooling might be appropriate (C2G 2021 Evidence Brief)?
• How would liability for (perceived) damages be dealt with and how might ‘losers’ be compensated (C2G 2021 Evidence Brief)?
• Can Indigenous rights and perspectives be incorporated in governance of climate solutions when solutions are implemented in the name of global environmental protection (Chuffart et al. 2023)?